Business Process Management Life Cycle

Business Process Management Life Cycle Organizations have objectives to accomplish and goals to achieve. It could be the delivery of products or services to end-users, or the performance of support services to ensure customer satisfaction. It could be the transformation of raw materials into parts that are subsequently assembled to create a final product. It can even be the proper recording of all financial transactions of the company for purposes of budgeting and financial management.The accomplishment and achievement of these goals and objectives require the performance of a task or activity, or a series of tasks and activities. These sets of activities or tasks, which are logically related and often follow a logical flow, are referred to as business processes.The day-to-day operations of businesses and organizations, regardless of their nature, structure, and even the industry they belong to, are basically comprised of business processes. Manufacturing itself is considered a business process, but it is a very broad one , considering how it also encompasses other business processes, such as product assembly and quality assurance. Finance is just as broad, involving lesser but nonetheless vital processes, such as invoicing, billing, and budgeting. © Shutterstock.com | PureSolutionEven the activities and tasks that are often considered by many as peripheral and “non-central” to the core activities of the business or organization are also business processes. Human Resources, for example, conduct a series of logical steps in their hiring and recruitment process. Other processes they are concerned with include attendance management and leave management.If you take a look at the very nature of business processes, it is easy to see how there is a need to manage them. While some processes are straightforward, involving only two or three steps or tasks, there are others that are far more complex, with multiple steps that involve multiple performers or users. These steps are also often performed repetitively and on a regular basis. These spur organizations to find ways to optimize and standardize these processes, and that’s where Business Process Management comes in.BPM is a very broad topic and cannot be summed up in one sittin g or discussion. This article aims to give you a broad introduction on the fundamental concepts of Business Process Management.BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENTBusinesses, in order to achieve its goals and objectives, design, implement and use business processes which they, in turn, manage for optimization and standardization purposes, using what is known as Business Process Management.Business Process Management (BPM) is a management discipline describing the systematic approach to “identify, execute, document, measure, monitor and control both automated and non-automated business processes to achieve consistent, targeted results aligned with an organization’s strategic goals.” To put it simply, it is the systematic approach to improving the business processes of an organization, making the workflow more efficient and effective, and improve its overall ability to adapt to an ever-changing business environment.Management of business processes through BPM involves modeling, analysis, design and measurement of these processes. It sounds like a lot of work, which is why BPM is designed to be technology-enabled. This means that it makes use of various technological tools in carrying out its roles.Aside from the obvious, which is the improvement of business processes to achieve its goals and objectives, why is it so important for businesses to have a BPM system in place?BPM facilitates the improvement and management of processes that drive optimized business results, leading to lower costs, higher revenues and high customer satisfaction, to name a few.BPM enables businesses to align its processes with the needs of their customers.BPM aids decision-making on matters such as deployment, measurement and monitoring of the resources of the organization.BPM contributes to the maintenance of a sound financial management system of the company.BPM allows the organization to keep track of its progress in meeting and achieving its goals.To understand it better, let us take a deeper look at the benefits that organizations can derive from the implementation of Business Process Management.Revenue growth. Increased revenue potentially means increase in the net profit earned by the company. BPM, as mentioned earlier, helps align business processes and functions to the needs of customers. This means higher customer satisfaction and improved reputation for the company, which ultimately contribute to more revenue and, consequently, profit.Reduced costs. Another component of increased profit is having lower costs and expenditures. Inefficiencies and waste of resources â€" two definite reasons for cost hemorrhage in organizations â€" may also result from poor planning and subsequent tracking or monitoring of the usage of these resources. An effective BPM system provides a means for tracking the resources, and gives management the heads up in the event that some adjustments have to be made to address these inefficiencies.Higher accountability. BPM establishes a sy stem of checks and balances within the organization, so the functions and corresponding responsibilities and accountabilities of each department, each officer, and each employee are clearly defined. This minimizes (and may even eliminate) the risk of losses due to human error in the conduct of their respective tasks and activities, as well as the potential of fraud and negligence.Improved and increased productivity. Productivity is affected by various factors, including proper utilization of capital and resources, human resource management, and physical working conditions, among others. Best practices in BPM have an impact on these aspects or areas of the business, ensuring that overall productivity is boosted.Improved reliability of information. Having a working and effective BPM system can increase the reliability of generated business information which, in turn, will be used by management for decision-making, and other stakeholders. Information retrieval and dissemination is also easier, saving time and effort that would have been wasted in looking them up.Simplified and assured compliance. Many businesses unwittingly find themselves facing issues regarding non-compliance with regulations and rules imposed by legislation and industrial standards. Having a BPM system in place allows the organization to cover all its bases and keep track of their duties and obligations. Obviously, non-compliance issues can be costly to settle, not to mention other legal repercussions that may threaten even the right of the business to operate.Tighter security measures. The resources, as well as information, that belong to the company will be safer from loss, theft and misuse, since BPM measures are also designed to protect them. Proper documentation and dissemination of information ensures that they will not fall into the wrong hands, especially those of a confidential nature. Compliance monitoring also sees to it that the company and its employees are protected from possibil ities of litigation and other legal repercussions.Unfortunately, it is a fact that there are still a lot of businesses that do not use Business Process Management, largely because they are not aware of the concept or, even if they do, they do not fully understand its importance or the benefits they can get from it. For others, they are intimidated by the idea of applying BPM, thinking that it is something extremely complicated and may even cost them money.After all, many are under the impression that BPM strictly means automation of business processes, and they equate “automation” with “more spending”. There are also a few businesses that decide that they cannot “be bothered” to use BPM, since it is not the core function of their business.However, the business landscape today has become more competitive due, in large part, to the effects of globalization and the volatility of economies and markets all over the world. Staying competitive has become one of the main concern s of most businesses, and one way to achieve that is through optimization of business processes. Thus, Business Process Management is something that should not be ignored or easily dismissed.CORE ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENTResearchers suggested six elements that every effective BPM should have.Strategic alignment or synchronization: The alignment referred to is that of the BPM and the overall strategy of the organization, meaning the business processes must be designed, implemented and managed (through the BPM) in accordance with the strategic priorities, objectives and goals of the organization. There has to be a direct and identifiable linkage or connection between these priorities and the processes. Otherwise, you will have wasted your resources on an ineffective BPM system.Governance: From the outset, the roles and responsibilities for the different levels of BPM must be clearly established and communicated to all members of the organization and other stakeholders. T his is to ensure transparency and accountability. This also involves setting out clear guidelines on the decision-making process, as well as rewards and sanction programs.Methodologies: The conduct of BPM initiatives entail the utilization of methods, or tools and techniques that facilitate management of business processes. The most common example often used is the Six Sigma, a set of techniques developed by Motorola engineer Bill Smith in an effort to improve the capability of business processes.Information Technology: BPM has become increasingly associated with technology, mostly because of how heavily it depends on IT-based solutions. Thus, information technology plays a very important role in the execution of BPM initiatives.People: Technology and information systems are pretty much useless by themselves, without any human factor. Therefore, organizations assign specific manpower solely dedicated to carry out its BPM initiatives. These people possess all the necessary knowledge and skills in process management, while seeing to it that they are in alignment with the goals of the organization.Culture: This mostly pertains to the organizational culture, or the collective values within the organization. First and foremost, the organization must have a culture or environment that facilitates, complements and supports its BPM initiatives. After all, BPM is not a standalone unit of the organization, since it cuts across the entire organizational structure.THE BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT LIFE CYCLEThe BMP Life Cycle is characterized by iterative set of activities, done in phases. This means that the cycle can be repeated, instead of ending once the final phase is over.There are six phases in the BPM life cycle.Phase 1: Process Planning and StrategyIn business, everything begins with a plan. This plan will serve as the guidelines to be followed by those who will implement it.BPM begins with the development of a plan that clearly maps out the strategy and the direct ion of the organization’s BPM initiatives. In order to be useful for BPM, the strategy must be process-driven, and the plan must be designed and structured in a way that will ensure the delivery of value to customers.Process planning and strategy involve the following:Understanding of the organization’s strategies and goals. These will serve as a guide in setting the objectives and strategies of BPM, since the two must be aligned.Identification and enumeration of current processes, requiring an in-depth look at the existing process architecture of the organization.There are three types of processes or activities that exist in organizations:1. Primary processesThese are the core processes of the company, which are readily identifiable because of their cross-functional nature, and the fact that these are the processes that directly deliver value to customers. These processes arise from the main activities of the business.Geary Rummler categorized primary or core processes into thr ee:Processes that imagine and create the product or service (ex. Product development, prototyping, conduct of feasibility studies)Processes that produce or make the product or service (ex. Production process, raw materials procurement)Processes that sell or deliver the product or service to the customers (ex. Sales, distribution)2. Secondary processesThese are processes that are in place purposely to provide support to the primary processes, which is why they are also referred to as “support processes”. Unlike the primary processes, they do not directly deliver value, and are usually restricted to the functional areas of the organization.The most common examples of support processes are:Human resource managementTechnology developmentInformation technology managementSupplies procurementFacilities management3. Management processesAll organizations strive for efficiency and effectiveness, and the task of monitoring that falls on the shoulders of management, who are responsible for performing management processes. These processes take a look at both the primary and secondary processes, mainly to monitor whether they are on track in meeting the company’s operational and financial goals. They are also in place to ensure compliance of the primary and secondary processes to regulatory and legal guidelines.Just like the support processes, management processes also do not directly provide value, but are nonetheless vital to the organization.Identification of appropriate BPM roles and responsibilities within the organization. Who are the key players in BPM? What level of support will the organization’s BPM initiatives get from top management and the other members of the organization?Identification of methodologies and performance measures to be used in BPM.Phase 2: Analysis of Business ProcessesThere is a need to understand the current or existing business processes since they are the very object of BPM. Obviously, one will not be able to manage something that it does not understand. The objective of this phase is to find out whether the business processes currently in place are aligned with the goals and objectives of the organization.Certain methodologies are applied in the analysis phase. The most common, and usually first, step undertaken is the gathering of data and information on the business processes. These are obtained from currently maintained company or organization documentation, strategic plans and process models. It may also require more than a peek into the performance measurements being used by the company.Analysis will provide insights on the strengths and weaknesses of the business processes, and open windows to understanding how they impact the overall performance of the organization.The process analysis techniques can be classified into two.Qualitative analysisQualitative analysis is performed for two reasons: to identify wastes, redundancies, or losses incurred in the processes and eliminate them, and to identify and un derstand all the issues involved, and prioritize them accordingly.Some of the most commonly used techniques are:Value-added analysis â€" In this technique, each step in the processes are classified on whether they are value-adding (VA), business value-adding (BVA), or non-value-adding (NVA). A step is considered VA if it produces value to the customer, denoted by a willingness on the part of the latter to pay for that specific step. An example is the assembly process of a product. After completion of the production process, but before delivery to customers, the finished product is required by law to undergo physical inspection by an independent third-party. This does not add value to the customer, but it adds value to the business, since it is a requirement for the continuous operation of the business. This is BVA activity. Rework costs in case the product was defective due to worker negligence, as well as costs of delay in shipment or delivery, on the other hand, do not add value t o the customer. This is NVA. Basically, any other activity that does not fall under the VA and BVA categories will fall under this.Root-Cause analysis â€" This issue analysis technique often makes use of cause-and-effect diagrams and why-why diagrams, highlighting causal factors and seeking answers to the “Why” questions regarding the processes. This makes the technique effective for getting to the root of the problems or issues.Pareto analysis â€" Pareto bar charts are primarily used in this technique. The bar chart presents the impact of all the relevant issues or problems. The higher or taller bars are those that require more attention, which means they should be prioritized.Quantitative analysisQuantitative analysis techniques are centered around numbers, figures and statistics. These often include:Quantitative flow analysis: There are several flow analysis techniques being used, depending on the process being analyzed. Flow analysis is usually used in the analysis of capaci ty requirements, error rates in the process level, as well as costs. Cycle time analysis is also a common application of flow analysis, where the average duration or cycle time for an entire process â€" or a step in the process â€" is calculated, in order to assess efficiency and effectiveness.Queuing analysis: Unlike the flow analysis, queuing takes waiting time into consideration. Variability in service times, delays and rework times, are factored in, in recognition of the fact that these capacity problems are unavoidable and should, therefore, play a role in process design and redesign.Process simulation: Process simulation also considers waiting times, but it is also applicable for processes that involve parallel activities running simultaneously. Queuing generally does not apply to these types of activities. In process simulation, the process is modeled into a simulation model, which is enhanced with simulation data, and undergoes simulation. The outputs are then analyzed. In t he event that there are multiple scenarios, the simulation model can be tweaked accordingly and undergo simulation again until all alternative scenarios are covered.Findings during this phase will usually point to either one of two: it is either the business processes are aligned with organizational goals and objectives, or they are not. The findings will be used in the next phase of the BPM life cycle.Phase 3: Design and Modeling of Business ProcessesDepending on the results of the business process analysis, there may be a need to design new processes, or redesign the existing ones. The objective is to come up with a process design that provides a full picture of the work, from end to end, to guarantee the delivery of value to customers.The main concern in this phase is to determine whether the process is good “as is”, or if it should be redesigned in a better, more appropriate “to be” process.This phase entails the following:Understanding of the intention of the organizati on with respect to the business process, such as what they want to achieve and how they are going to use the process to achieve them.Documentation of the work to be performed through process modeling, in detail:Nature of the workTime, duration and frequency of performance of workLocation of performance of workThe workers primarily and secondarily involved in the work performanceMethodologies, tools and techniques usedSequence of activities within the work processIdentification and understanding of the environmental factors that have an impact on the process, as these are likely to influence the design (or redesign, as the case may be) of processes.Business process modeling is basically the activity of representing the processes of the organization in a structural form. It serves two main purposes: documentation and analysis. The business process model serves as a ready reference for members of the organization for any future projects or process evaluations. It is also a useful train ing aid in the case of new employees.Further, the process model will play a central role when management evaluates the performance of the departments or units, and when it is looking for opportunities for change. In the event that there are plans for business expansion and growth, the documentation will also be a great help.This can be in the form of a narrative description, a diagram or an illustration, as long as it provides an end-to-end perspective of all the processes of the organization â€" whether they are primary, support, or management processes.Perhaps the most identifiable form is a workflow chart or diagram, which maps out the logical flow of activities within the process in a unit or department of the organization. Some companies prefer the representation to be in the form of a map, since it offers more precision. In other cases, the preference is for a model, which are highly precise and highly detailed, and also require a lot of work.When it comes to process redesign, there are two approaches:Continuous Process Improvement: In this approach, there is an implied acceptance of the current processes. Therefore, the main focus is to identify the problems or issues that were previously unnoticed, and seek solutions for them. This approach looks for these solutions incrementally, taking one issue at a time.Business Process Re-engineering: Unlike the Continuous Process Improvement, Re-engineering takes a look at the entire process structure and aims to rework it entirely, with the aim of streamlining it or making it more effective and efficient. It is decidedly a more sweeping approach.Phase 4: Process ImplementationThe designed (or redesigned) process will be implemented. Implementation is performed either systemically or non-systemically.Systemic implementation entails the use of specific software and technologies in implementing the process design.Non-systemic implementation is when these technological BPM tools are not used.The choice between the t wo will largely depend on the nature of the business process and, in a small part, on the resources of the organization. After all, the use of technology is bound to cost the company.Phase 5: Process Monitoring and ControllingThe process, once implemented, requires tracking, measuring, and controlling, which is supposed to be done on a continuous basis. The purpose of these is to:Obtain necessary information to ascertain whether changes or adjustments must be made to the process design, or even to the resources and tools used in its implementation.Measure performance of the process to gauge whether it, indeed, leads to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.Business process analytics are the main inputs in this phase, where historical analytics are used for process controlling purposes. Monitoring of the business activities are usually done through the use of dashboards and rule-based notifications, particularly in organizations that have their own IT infrastructure that they can use for the BPM initiatives.Phase 6: Process Refinement or ImprovementBPM allows organizations to maintain the high level of quality and performance of its business processes. Through monitoring and control of process performance, the organization will be able to innovate and improve its processes primarily through redesign and reengineering.Basically, the results of all that analysis and design (and redesign) work will be implemented to “fine-tune” the process. Remember that the company aims to optimize its processes through BPM, and that is mostly fulfilled in this phase.This phase targets the improvement or refinement of three aspects: performance of the processes, of process management, and of the organization as a whole.

What Is Brown v Board of Education - Free Essay Example

Black people and white people segregation already continue for so long time in America history. Black children cant take same school with white children, and they didnt allowed take bus with white people either. Although the Declaration of Independence stated that All men are created equal, due to the institution of slavery, this statement was not to be grounded in law in the United States until after the Civil War. Futhermore, Although the thirteenth amendment to the United States constitution outlawed slavery,   however, the government actually guaranteed the rights of citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including due process and equal protection of the laws after three years when the fourteenth amendment was published. The fifteen amendment which was protecting voting rights were intended to eliminate the last remnants of slavery and to protect the citizenship of black Americans. In 1975, Congress also passed the first Civil Rights Act which held the   equality of   all men before the law. This act called for fines and penalities for anyone found denying patronage of public places.   However, the Supreme Court reasoned that this act was beyond the scope of the 13th and 14th Amendments, as these amendments only concerned the actions of the government, not those of private citizens. At the end of ninteen century, segregation situations were popular and segregation laws were uiverse in the world. All of amendments for stoping segregation were ignored. White people and colored people still cant use same room or things in public area like Threater, station, and school. Since the 1896 decision happened, the supreme court in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Although many people felt that these laws were unjust, it was not until the 1890s that they were directly challenged in court. In 1892, an African-American man named Homer Plessy refused to give up his seat to a white man on a train in New Orleans, as he was required to do by Louisiana state law. Because of this action, he was arrested. Pleyssa claimed that segregation violate the fourteenth amandement, and he against it on the court. Until 1896, his case was move to the supreme court, unfortunately, By a vote of 8-1, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy. By the early 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) started to fight against segregation, and they try to get help from the supreme court. The mose famous case in that time was Brown v Board of Ed. It was happened in 1591, Oliver Brown who was a plaintiff filed a class action lawsuit with the Topeka Board of Education in Kansas in 1951 because his daughter Linda Brown who was a third grader, had to take a bus to a segrated elementry school that was much farther from her home than the nearby school for white children. Futhermore,   Linda Brown was denied entry to Topeka All-White Elementary School. Oilver Brown appeals that Although the law was published in 1896 said black people and white people have equal environment and life, they actually wont get same equal and fair living condition and education with white people. Oilver Brown thinks black and white segregation already violate equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment. U.S. district c ourt realize that school segregation have vile affects upon to colored chilren, futhermore, it makes colored children feel inferiority. However, they still insist on separate but equal stragegy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justices have a lot of different opinions and ideas about this events. First time in the court and then in the supreme court.   The supreme court heard arguments in the case in 1953, but the justices were deeply divided they decided to put the case on hold to allow for new briefs and argument while the case on hold. Cheif Justice, Fred Benson was died and was replaced by california governor for warrant who believed segregation was unconstitutional understanding. Many people in the south would resist this decision because white people have more power and noble social status, and they still want to control the power.   Believed a unanimous decision was important to give the courts ruling legitimately. When the case resumed in 1954, the court still divided to both side. One side is justices believe that segregation was a violation of the 14th Amendment equality clause, and another side is they believed it was a federalism issue and decisi ons about how to end segregation should be left at the base. School really be equal if students are segregated merely based on the color of their skin. The most persuasive argument is equality clause because everyone should be equal when God born us. Some people thinks that we are segrated people based on their skin color. Chief Justice Warren wrote and rewrote the courts decision until he had finally achieved a unanimous opinion leaving the question of the equality of the schools of fact. Earl Warren mention that we must look instead of at the effect of segregation itself on public education. The immediate consequence of these decision were result in a rising attention for equality in school. His decision make people in the world realize not only segregation but equal doctrine have violation of the constitution, but also all the cases are unconstitutional. Because of the segregation of education, it makes colored children stamped an inherent badge of inferiority on African-American s students. The reason why white students dont like go to same school with colored students because white students thinks black students ancestor are slavery before, and black guys have lower status than them. So they dont have power to live or study together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools violated the fourteenth amendment to the constitution, which prohibits states from denying equal protection to anyone within their jurisdiction. The decision declared separate education facilities for white and African American students inherently unequal. Therefore, in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court proposed the principle of separate but equal and held that it did not apply to public education. According to this principle, public facilities of white people and African Americans are not subject to the provisions of laws that violate the equal protection, if the facilities are roughly equal. The Supreme Courts opinion in Brown v. education committee in 1954 legally ended decades of segregation in Americas public schools. Originally named after Oliver Brown, this was the first plaintiff listed in Brown v. Topeka education committee (KS ) lower court case, a landmark decision that effectively resolved six separate segregation cases from four states and merged under Brown v. board of directors. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that state law establishing separate public schools for black and white students is unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturns Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 decision to allow state-sponsored segregation as long as it applies to public education. I agreee with the Courts decision because this decision end the segregation in the United States. This decision also intergrated black people colored people, and provide colored people   better environment to study and live.   To society, it make police reduce inspection time and procedures, People also have power to refuse to search. It also motivate bill of rights happened, and it make more and more people can get higher education. No more racism between them, and it also will increase the spread of culture acknowledge.The cou rt decision make this society more stable because people have rights to know the police information.They can better regulate disputes. It has helped the United States become a more democratic country.

Sociology Can B - / - ( - ) - 2187 Words

Introduction Sociology can bÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd as thÐ µ study of human bÐ µings as social animals, it is a sciÐ µntific study of social phÐ µnomÐ µnon, human intÐ µraction and culturÐ µ, and it attÐ µmpts to Ð µxplain thÐ µ social worlds of individuals and groups and how thÐ µy intÐ µract. Sociological thÐ µory attÐ µmpts to look bÐ µyond common sÐ µnsÐ µ Ð µxplanations. Sociology as with othÐ µr social sciÐ µncÐ µs has its roots in philosophy and has dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd thÐ µoriÐ µs to Ð µxplain bÐ µhaviour and rÐ µlationships within sociÐ µty. Sociology can bÐ µ dividÐ µd into two main camps, structural and action thÐ µoriÐ µs. This Ð µssay will attÐ µmpt to Ð µxplain thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µoriÐ µs within diffÐ µrÐ µnt aspÐ µcts of sociÐ µty, how thÐ µy affÐ µct sociÐ µty as a wholÐ µ. It will thÐ µn go on to Ð µvaluatÐ µ thÐ µ strÐ µngths and wÐ µaknÐ µss within thÐ µ thÐ µoriÐ µs. ThÐ µ consÐ µnsus thÐ µory is a study of sociÐ µty as a wholÐ µ (thÐ µ Macro sociology). It focusÐ µs on what binds sociÐ µty togÐ µthÐ µr and Ð µxistÐ µncÐ µ of consÐ µnsus (agrÐ µÃ µmÐ µnt) with sociÐ µtiÐ µs madÐ µ up of various social institutions. ЕmilÐ µ DurkhÐ µim (1855-1917), thÐ µ foundÐ µr of thÐ µ functionalist thÐ µory bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that sociÐ µty was a complÐ µx Ð µconomic systÐ µm with a sophisticatÐ µd division of labour; hÐ µ saw thÐ µ division of labour as social institutions. DurkhÐ µim sought to comprÐ µhÐ µnd thÐ µ utility of social and cultural traits by Ð µxplaining thÐ µm in tÐ µrms of thÐ µir contributors to thÐ µ coopÐ µration of an ovÐ µr all systÐ µm, thÐ µ cohÐ µsivÐ µ bonds of social ordÐ µr and how thÐ µ loss of thÐ µ commonly hÐ µld valvÐ µs lÐ µads to social instability and disoriÐ µntation of thÐ µ individual.Show MoreRelatedWhy An Independent Variable Affects A Dependent Variable888 Words   |  4 Pages Surveys and Experiments, Longitudinal studies, are two significant methods of research used in Sociology. 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Multiple Elements Of Incarceration Within Australia s...

This eBook reports on issues relating to multiple elements of incarceration within Australia’s Criminal Justice System. Specifically, a large allotment of text is allocated to discuss transgender inmates and their sexual identification once in prison. The author Cyndi Banks, acknowledges that prisons may adopt either genitalia- based placements or a identity based placements and notes that if genital reconstructive surgery has not been undergone, the inmate will be identified as their birth sexual orientation. Further, the text discusses the detrimental effects these systems have on transgender prisoners and states that research data indicates that these manners of imprisonment may ultimately affect the offender’s chance of successful rehabilitation, which is a significant problem. This literature is effective in portraying the current problems associated with transgender inmates, and has has aided me to understand that the sexual identification of a transgender inmate has a significant impact on them during the period that they are incarcerated. Additionally, this is a problem that a prison officer within scenario seven would be required to comprehend and this text begins to explain solutions to this. Blight, Jake. 2006. â€Å"Transgender Inmates.† Trends and issues: crime and criminology 16 (8): 1-6. Accessed April 16, 2016. http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi168.pdf This paper, written by Jake Blight, directly addresses the issue of transgenderShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Rate For Women1978 Words   |  8 PagesAustralia has witnessed a gradual and undeniable increase in imprisonment rates for women in the last twenty years. Representing the plight of criminalized and imprisoned women is not a straightforward task. These women do not share a single lived experience, nor do they reflect a neat and simplistic narrative of individual redemption. Drawing public attention to the predicament of criminalization and imprisonment in women allows us to understand the of rising incarceration rates and what reasonsRead MoreIncarceration: Prison and Inmates10532 Words   |  43 Pages state, and local lawmakers to arrest and confine persons suspected of crimes. The judicial system is authorized to confine persons convicted of crimes. This confinement, whether before or after a criminal conviction, is called incarceration. Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment for the commission of illegal offenses. Juveniles and adults alike are subject to incarceration. Incarceration is the detention of a person in a jail or prison. The federal, state, and local governmentsRead MoreThe Prohibition Of Marijuana Should Be Legal1948 Words   |  8 PagesMarijuana’s effectiveness in treating wide range of diseases continues to increase daily. Today we know that cannabis can be found effective for treating nausea and appetite loss, many forms of cancer chemotherapy, pain and appetite loss due to HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and more. These all come with very mild temporary side effects, with no serious toxic reactions found in any case (Gieringer, Carter, and Rosenthal). The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes follows with a good argument as is evidencedRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 PagesCORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C I. INTRODUCTION PENOLOGY - the study of punishment of crime. - a branch of Criminology dealing with prison management, and the deterrence and reformatory treatment of criminals. SOURCES OF THE TERM PENOLOGY: a. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology dealsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213

Online Economic Uncertainty - 1140 Words

Netflix has announced its partnership with Comcast to the public. Now, Netflix users that use Comcast as their internet service provider will have smoother streaming over other internet service providers. The deal that was agreed upon has allowed Netflix to pay Comcast so that their services will be more reliable for Comcast users on Netflix (Wyatt and Cohen). This recent deal has brought about a significant deal of controversy that has customers, companies, and corporations alike discussing whether or not this violates network neutrality. Network neutrality is a fairly new term that has come about in the last decade because of the world’s recent reliance on technology and the internet. This term defines how internet service providers should enable equal opportunity to all sources on the internet without bias. With Netflix gaining an advantage over other services the equality portion of network neutrality has been violated. Although most people have come to the conclusi on that network neutrality was clearly violated, the topic of discussion now is whether deals like this will benefit the online economy or retard it. There are many arguments claiming that foregoing network neutrality would actually stimulate the economy. This claim is largely recognized in the article â€Å"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality,† by Robin Lee and Tim Wu. The authors explain how the economy would actually benefit if network neutrality were to beShow MoreRelatedThe Growth Of The Internet1030 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional life to social life. More people are having access to the internet with time and the products and services offered through the internet are increasing. Online streaming is one of the services that have experienced a surge because of improved quality and access to the internet. Online video streaming from paid or free online channels are very popular among individuals, and they hold major entertai nment promise. This can be justified by the varied nature of content that is streamed by internetRead MoreTaiwan s Business Environment As Related Risk Factors Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment, including economic/financial, environmental and, most importantly, political risks. Economic/Financial Risk The main economic risk relates to the Chinese economic growth falling in 2015. Growth is expected to increase in 2016, but economic activity will continue to be inhibited. The US economy’s recovery after the recession in 2008 should help to mitigate the effects of a weaker demand in China. Personal disposable income is expected to be the main economic activity driver, thoughtRead MorePolitical: According to University of St. Gallens case study, Tesco began its expansion to800 Words   |  4 Pagesremoving the trade barriers. 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It was found that Hongkong increases its uncertainty avoidance than Taiwan and the reason for this could be because Hongkong was turn over from UK to China. US known to be the first individualist country from previous studies appears to becomingRead MoreThe Strengths Of Lowe s Company1246 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent ways such as in the store, online, on-site, and contact centers. They are always focused on providing flawless multi-channel knowledge to their customers so they can engage with the company from anywhere at anytime. To do this they updated their technology by incorporating touch screen technology on different displays, in-store Wi-Fi an d barcodes, on their online channel they introduced mobile applications, and they also introduced mylowes, which is an online tool. All of these improvementsRead MoreTheory of Values: Crossvergence930 Words   |  4 Pagesmay occur – culture convergence, divergence or crossvergence. Their study of US, Hongkong and Taiwan for years had gave them results on how culture can change. Like for example is in terms of uncertainty avoidance and power distance between Hongkong and Taiwan. It was found that Hongkong increases its uncertainty avoidance than Taiwan and the reason for this could be because Hongkong was turn over from UK to China. US known to be the first individualist country from previous studies appears to becomingRead MoreSerco Group: Financial Analysis1619 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket. It is working with government institutions with arrangements like this that account for the majority of Sercos operations. Since governments are Sercos biggest customers, this also acts to provide a significant buffer to fluctuations in economic conditions. 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Externally, factors such as economic environment, regulations and technology influence risks. It is important for an enterprise to build framework for good risk management, which is â€Å"the process of identification, analysis and either acceptance or mitigation of uncertainty in investment decision-making.† (Investopedia, â€Å"Risk Management†) This paper is on a widely-accepted enterprise risk management

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 1492 Words

The Theme of Inequality There are various major themes in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. One of the most prominent themes in the book is inequality. The theme is dominant due to its real values in the institution of slavery. The theme not only regularly appears in the narrative but is in so many ways interconnected with other themes such as education. Inequality is the most dominant in the narrative. Douglass attempts to reveal how the African American slaves are just like their white counterparts despite the number of times it is revealed how the whites did not consent the slaves as rightly human (Docsouth.unc.edu, 2015). Comparatively, Phyllis spoke on inequality as she lived as an African American slave and recognizes that the stay in America was one of the saddest moments in the history of the country. The poem by Wheatley compares inequality to her journey of becoming a Christian and a slave as well (Wheatley, 2015). This paper attempts to compare the theme of inequality in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass and On being brought to America by Phyllis Wheatley. The level of treatment for both Douglas and Wheatley in America is an absolute paradox. There are various instances in which it is shown how the whites did not assent slaves as rightly human despite Douglas attempting to reveal how the African American slaves were human beings just like their white counterparts. Douglas perceives the grossShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Never Give Up Free Essays

ENG COMP II Dec. 10, 2008 Never Give Up â€Å"The Rookie† is a 2002 Walt Disney movie that is based on the real-life story of Jim Morris that stars Dennis Quaid in the lead role. â€Å"The Rookie† is also a movie that reflects not only our nations’ culture, but also the collective attitude we have towards believing in an individuals’ dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on Never Give Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now When a shoulder injury ended his minor league pitching career, Jim Morris resorted to the next best thing: coaching. But Jim’s team, The Owls, know their coach is a great ball player and thus make a deal with him: if they win the district championship they want him to try out for a major-league team. Going from worst to first, the team makes it to state and Jim is forced to live up to his end of the deal. At the age of 35 he makes it onto a minor league team and now has to deal with the pressures of a â€Å"younger mans’† sport, life on the road and being separated from his wife and family. The pressures build and like a typical Disney movie, the dream becomes reality at what would seem to be the absolute last moment. Quaid, as Jim Morris, would then take the mound that very same night while his friends and family watched, some from their homes but most from the stands. Morris would then continue to play as one of the relief pitchers for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays over the next two seasons before officially calling it quits. The theme for this movie is obvious and simple: Never give up on your dreams, for it is never too late to believe in them. From the beginning of the movie we see Morris as an adolescent in a variety of locations and weather conditions, but we always see him pitching a baseball. That is until his mother cries out to him saying: â€Å"Jimmy, your father and I need to talk to you. † By now Jimmy is well aware of what his father, who is in the U. S. Marines, is going to say. For the fourth time they are relocating and Jimmy has to put his pitching dreams on hold. That is until his father gets a permanent duty station in Big Lake, Texas. With a bit more exposition and rising action Jimmy meets Henry Sampson in the town store where he learns the town doesn’t care much for baseball, but they do care about something else – dreams. Henry then relates the story of the towns’ very beginnings and how a man with dreams of finding oil â€Å"right under his feet† got the financial, and spiritual, help he needed from two nuns. The movie steps back in time to 1921 where the camera follows the nuns as they are shown blessing the field with rose pedals and reciting a prayer to Saint Rita, the patron saint of impossible dreams. While the men waited for the oil that would eventually come, they passed the time playing baseball. A few of the men were able to fulfill yet another dream as they got drafted into the major leagues. After hearing the story, the camera follows a teenage Jimmy riding his bike to the field where, on camera close up, he brushes off the pitchers’ strip and with a look of determination and steadfastness he digs into the mound with his sneaker and looks at the original oil well. A camera close up shows the sign on the well, ‘SANTARITA No. 1 Completed May 27, 1923’. When it pans back to Jimmy, time has moved forward 20 years, still standing on that very same mound but now as a full grown man however his look is not the same and the well has been out of operation for quite some time. His close up look and facial expression tells us of a dream, like the oil well, that got ‘dried up’ before its’ time as he digs his boots into the pitchers’ mound. However, as a reminder that not all is as it seems to be, the camera focuses on Jimmy’s truck where a medallion of Saint Rita hangs from the rear-view mirror. From the man who dreamed of finding oil, to the nuns who dreamed of getting their moneys’ worth, to the town that was founded and thrived on those dreams, to Jimmy, and to everyone whoever was or has been, they all have an individual dream they are willing to pursue. They are not unique in this, as it is something that can be traced to, and shared with, the founding fathers of our nation. They had a dream for freedom and representation that they were willing to fight and die for. Two world wars and countless others were fought for one main ideal – to keep the dream alive. Whether the dream be for territory or freedom from oppression, it does not matter. Keeping, pursuing and accomplishing the dream is within everyone of us and, as is the case with Jim Morris, it does not matter how long it takes; dreams can be fulfilled. The movie â€Å"The Rookie† serves to remind us that in todays’ culture that while our dreams may be individual they can, and often do, reach father than our imagination could ever anticipate. In our modern day, dreams are fulfilled everywhere by those willing and determined enough to make them happen. While these dreams may be on an individual basis, they can be, and are often, shared across the nation. One only has to look at the world of sports to bear witness to some of the most compelling individual efforts that have a nation dreaming right along with them. Lance Armstrong won the grueling Tour de France bicycle race seven times after beating testicular cancer. The 2008 Summer Olympics, where the best of the best across the world come to compete, saw Michael Phelps win a world-record eight Gold medals in swimming. To accomplish his dream Phelps would have to swim two major races a day, each day, for four days straight. And a majority of Americans would watch and be with him stroke for stroke cheering him on, praying for the dream that would come true. Closer to home, Mary Alison Milford, a Fayetteville native, competed in the Paralympics on the U. S. Wheelchair Basketball team that defeated Germany for the Gold Medal. I dare anyone to attend a championship game anywhere, and to tell me that they could not physically feel the home-town audiences’ presence. You can taste it in the air, it is a live electricity that raises the hair on your arm, it is the simple awe and power of the many becoming one for a dream and it is never too late to dream. Even if the dream is as individually personal as graduating from school with a Masters degree 20 years after you first started taking classes. Dare I to dream and see the words Cum Laude on my diploma? I believe I just have. Work Sited The Rookie. Dir. John Lee Hancock. Perf. Dennis Quaid, Rachel Griffins, Brian Cox; screenplay by Mike Rich. Walt Disney Pictures, 2002. DVD. Walt Disney Home Video. 2002. How to cite Never Give Up, Papers Never Give Up Free Essays Never give up at anything you do. Giving up is one of, if not the biggest sign of a weak person. When you give up , and just throw all of your dreams out of the window, and just forget what all you have sacrificed trying to get where you are today, you are a weak person. We will write a custom essay sample on Never Give Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that no one should give up, but you need to know when to give up. Myself has actually gave up on one of my best loves I have ever had. Baseball. I was a freshman here at Central High School when it all started. I kept on having family problems, and my girlfriend and I were always fighting. Everything just never seemed to go my way. Everybody, including my family and friends, knew that something was wrong, but I just kept it from them. I have always played baseball, ever since I could walk. My big brother would take me outside when I was at age and just throw the ball back and forth. Rain, sleet, or snow, we were throwing some sort of ball around. Well, anyway as time went on, I got older, into high school and it seemed like everything went down hill from there. I had a lot more responsibility and a lot more on my mind. It seemed that everyday was a struggle. Talking to my parents wasn’t easy; talking to my friends wasn’t easy; I couldn’t even talk to my girlfriend. And by the time baseball had came around, I was just exhausted. I signed up and went to tryouts and we did our same routine like we do all the time: jog four poles, do your sprints, and stretch. Well today, coach wanted to see how fast the whole entire team could run two miles. I was like, â€Å"Oh Lord, I really don’t wanna do this. † But of coarse, I did anyway. Well, we started jogging around the field. But I noticed something that is not normally the case; I was dead last. Everybody was ahead of me, and I was trailing behind them. I did not have one bit of urge to even attempt to catch them. I was being very lazy. The whole week goes by and I am still being the same lazy guy in the back. Finally, tryouts are over and I get to talk with the coach. He calls me out and I walk over there and he says that he had a spot for me in left field on varsity, and he noticed I was super lazy, and that he could tell I didn’t have the love for the game that I used too. He handed me the pants and the jersey and the hat and everything that anybody needs to play baseball and told me to take them home. He told me that when I get home, talk with your parents about if you really want to play or not. So, I thought about what he said for a little bit and waited for my mama to come and pick me up from the base field that I just worked my butt off trying to clean up. I get in the car. The first thing she said to me was, â€Å"Case, what is wrong honey? † I didn’t really say anything to her at first until we got home. After I got home, I just let her know that I didn’t think I was ready to play baseball. My Mama and Daddy both could not believe it. Their jaws dropped to the ground. I actually shocked myself. My daddy had to have a talk with me for like eighteen hours about until he finally said, â€Å"Well son, I don’t wanna make you do anything that you don’t wanna do. And, if you’re serious about not playing, and don’t think you will regret in the future, then hang em’ up. † And that was that. I gathered up all of my stuff, my jersey, my pants, my hat and everything and took it all back to the coach the next day. He told me that I probably made the best choice. He also said that he would love to see me come out next year and tryout again after your time off. But, all of that time away from something that you love, I don’t think it was good for me. Not playing baseball is one of my biggest regrets I have ever had in my life. I am a quitter and I do admit it. But I am strong enough to admit that. So to prevent from going through what all I have, never give up. How to cite Never Give Up, Papers